Endodontic biofilm supernatant triggers biphasic pulp stem cell response

Research published on PubMed (Oct 2026) examined soluble products from a four‑species endodontic biofilm and observed a biphasic effect on human dental pulp stem cells: an initial viability dip of 15% followed by a proliferative rebound of 25%, alongside up‑regulation of IL‑6 and TNF‑α genes. The study highlights potential inflammatory risks of residual biofilm metabolites during root‑canal therapy.